Record-breaking heat is becoming the new normal in Texas, an analysis of temperature data by The Texas Tribune shows, as climate change steadily warms the planet and shifts the range of typical temperatures higher.
A dangerous heat wave this month has brought three weeks of 100-degree temperatures from the state鈥檚 border with Mexico all the way to the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The heat wave has shattered records and prompted excessive heat warnings across most of the state.
Such heat waves 鈥� and the record-breaking temperatures they bring 鈥� are becoming more common and severe due to climate change, scientists told the Tribune.
Over the last 10 years, there were more than 1,600 days when a heat record was matched or broken at one of 22 weather stations across Texas. That鈥檚 more than 1,000 more record-breaking days than the 561-day average at those stations in the decades prior to 2013, the Tribune鈥檚 analysis found.
Weather data shows that record-breaking cold is occurring less frequently.
Those trends are being driven by climate change, experts said, as the planet warms due to decades of human activities that have pumped huge quantities of heat-trapping greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere peaked at 424 parts per million in May, continuing to reach levels that have not been recorded for millions of years, .
Heat is one of the deadliest consequences of climate change. It鈥檚 already the , typically killing more people annually than hurricanes, tornadoes or flooding. A that more than 275 people in Texas died from heat-related illness last year, a two-decade high that experts say is almost certainly an undercount.
Heat waves 鈥渁re so large, they impact a huge swath of area, and they persist for so long,鈥� said Hosmay Lopez, an oceanographer at the NOAA who has studied heat waves. 鈥淗eat has so [many] compounding negative effects on human health.鈥�
Extreme heat is presenting new challenges for communities across the state that rely on infrastructure built for a climate of the past.
James Doss-Gollin, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at Rice University who has researched adaptation to extreme weather, said the state鈥檚 electric grid and dams are two examples of infrastructure that are greatly impacted by increasing temperatures. Just a few degrees of difference, he said, can jeopardize the availability of electricity and the structural integrity of dams.
The grid, for example, is stressed by higher demand when extreme heat causes more people to crank up their air conditioning. At the same time, when high temperatures arrive earlier in the spring and last later into the fall, power plants have smaller and smaller windows to make routine repairs.
鈥淲e have a lot of infrastructure that鈥檚 very, very sensitive to small changes in the underlying climate,鈥� Doss-Gollin said.
Many dams are small, are privately owned and were built decades ago, when extreme rainfall events like the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017 鈥� which dumped on some parts of the Gulf Coast over five days 鈥� were much less common.
鈥淵ou don鈥檛 know what sort of conditions it鈥檚 designed for,鈥� Doss-Gollin said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a huge challenge.鈥�
Amarillo, for example, had 100 days of record-setting heat between 2013 and 2022 鈥� the most recent 10 years for which data is available. That鈥檚 more than four times the number of record heat days expected for an average decade in Amarillo prior to 2013, according to the Tribune鈥檚 analysis.
El Paso saw 113 record hot days in the last decade 鈥� more than five times the expected number of records in an average decade in the state鈥檚 westernmost city.
As temperatures rise globally, places that have less rain and fewer trees to absorb excess heat are more frequently experiencing record-setting heat, experts said.
鈥淪ummers are getting drier faster in West Texas,鈥� said John Nielsen-Gammon, Texas鈥� state climatologist. 鈥淭hat can contribute to increases in record high temperatures.鈥�
Areas of East and North Texas close to the Louisiana and Arkansas borders, with their forests and abundant rain, have seen comparatively fewer days of record-breaking heat.
For example, in Longview, less than 50 miles west of the Louisiana border, the Tribune鈥檚 analysis shows 27 record highs were recorded, slightly below the 30 that would be expected in an average decade there. At a weather station in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, only 35 record hot days were recorded between 2013 and 2022, just slightly higher than the 29 to be expected in an average decade there, according to the Tribune鈥檚 analysis.
But Nielsen-Gammon and other climate experts cautioned that precipitation, soil moisture and vegetation can鈥檛 explain all the variation in extreme heat trends. Other factors, like whether the weather pattern La Ni帽a or El Ni帽o is in effect and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico can also affect the number of days with extreme heat.
Lopez, the NOAA scientists, pointed out that the rapid growth in areas like Houston and Austin could be exacerbating the urban 鈥渉eat island鈥� effect, a phenomenon in which large cities tend to see more extreme heat than rural areas as buildings, driveways and roads absorb heat. Still, it鈥檚 鈥渧irtually impossible鈥� to find a perfect correlation between weather, climate and extremes, he said.
And, as Nielsen-Gammon pointed out, the variation among locations 鈥渃ould just be random.鈥�
Nielsen-Gammon added that the relatively slow pace of warming in wetter and forested regions 鈥渋s not something that is expected to continue.鈥� In other words, scientists have projected that those ecosystem buffers will not be enough to offset climate change in the future.
Politics still play a major role in perceptions of climate change: Some studies have observed Republicans and Democrats who experience the same extreme weather event characterize the impact of climate change differently. But Jennifer Marlon, a senior research scientist at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, said the program鈥檚 surveys show that an increasing number of Americans believe climate change is occurring.
鈥淢ore people are accepting the problem 鈥� and it is a process of acceptance for a lot of people, because originally, they were skeptical,鈥� Marlon said.
Almost three-quarters of Americans think global warming is happening, according to a conducted by Yale and George Mason University researchers, compared with 15% who think it is not. And 44% of Americans say they鈥檝e personally experienced the effects of global warming, according to the same survey.
鈥淭he weather changes are not the same as what we鈥檝e been seeing in the past,鈥� Marlon said. 鈥淭he heat waves are hotter, the spring [temperatures] are ending earlier, and nighttime temperatures are higher than they used to be.鈥�
鈥淪o experience is starting to play a bigger role,鈥� she said.
