Manuel Guerra Vasquez has been deported to Mexico before, but each time he returned to Texas. Even though he was born in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, the 61-year-old claims he鈥檚 a U.S. citizen.
He and his family live in North Texas and said he had to return because his family depends on him.
鈥淚 was desperate to come back because I needed to pay the mortgage,鈥� he said.
Proving he鈥檚 entitled to citizenship has been difficult. John Bray, an immigration and criminal defense attorney in Dallas, is helping Guerra Vasquez and several of his family member prove they鈥檙e citizens.
That鈥檚 because the family鈥檚 matriarch Cruz Rodriguez-Vargas Guerra, who died a few years ago, was born in Kansas in 1924, a fact they say was common knowledge in the family.
In fact, when Guerra Vasquez was detained, he told immigration enforcement officers that he believed he was a U.S. citizen because of his grandmother.
鈥淗er parents died when she was a little girl. They orphaned her, so the family sent her to live with her tias 鈥� with her aunts 鈥� in Guanajuato in the interior of Mexico,鈥� Bray said.
Vargas Guerra lived in Mexico for several years before attempting to return to the U.S. in 1940. When she arrived at the border, she explained she鈥檇 been born in the U.S., that her uncle, father and brothers were U.S. service members and that some of them had fought in both world wars. But she wasn鈥檛 allowed in the country.
Bray says this isn鈥檛 at all unusual.
鈥淭here are thousands of people who are U.S. citizens and don鈥檛 even realize it and it really does require a thorough investigation of the factual circumstances and the family circumstances for each person,鈥� he said.
Denise Gilman, who works at the immigration clinic at the University of Texas in Austin, said these cases are likely more common among families who live along the border, such as migrant farmworkers who routinely traveled back and forth between the two countries.
鈥淪o you might have somebody who obtained their U.S. citizenship and then still went back and forth to Mexico and actually often had children in Mexico because that鈥檚 where extended family lived,鈥� Gilman said. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 where health care was in some ways more readily accessible.鈥�
Gilman said whether someone qualifies for U.S. citizenship depends on when that person was born and what was written in law then because the law has changed numerous times.
鈥淥verall, the general rule is that if a parent is a United States citizen at the time that a child is born outside of the United States, that child may become a citizen if the parent lived enough years in the United States according to the relevant provision of law for that time period,鈥� she said.
The parent also has to prove there鈥檚 been a sufficient enough relationship with the child. There are also provisions about whether the parents is married or a child is born outside of marriage. The grandparents鈥� status could also play a factor. It can get complicated and confusing.
The issue caught the attention of the Government Accountability Office in 2021 when it issued a report. In its findings, the GAO reported that as many as 70 U.S. citizens had been deported over the previous 5 years.
鈥淲e found that ICE's policy requires its officers to interview individuals claiming U.S. citizenship in the presence of or in consultation with a supervisor,鈥� said Rebecca Gambler with the GAO. 鈥淏ut the training that its officers receive on that topic doesn't specify that.鈥�
Gambler said the second issue found was that ICE officials were updating the citizenship field in its records so ICE couldn鈥檛 really track those cases.
Since then, she says, ICE has updated its training materials to reflect its policies. The second issue, however, remains unresolved.
Got a tip? Email Stella M. Ch谩vez at schavez@kera.org. You can follow Stella on Twitter .
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